Valacyclovir-Associated Neurotoxicity Presenting as Acute Encephalopathy in an Elderly Hemodialysis Patient: A Case Report

Mark Jenzen H. Trivilegio, Joselito B. Diaz

Apr 2026 DOI 10.35460/2546-1621.2025-0038     Access   

Abstract

Valacyclovir-associated neurotoxicity (VAN) is a recognized adverse effect in elderly patients with renal impairment but remains underdiagnosed due to its nonspecific presentation and overlap with acute neurologic emergencies. We report a 78-year-old Filipino female with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis who developed acute disorientation, agitation, vivid visual hallucinations and generalized weakness shortly after initiation of valacyclovir for herpes zoster. Given the abrupt onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms, viral encephalitis was initially considered. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed no evidence of acute infarction or encephalitis, while electroencephalography demonstrated diffuse generalized slowing consistent with an encephalopathic process. Review of the medication history revealed valacyclovir dosing that exceeded recommendations for patients with end-stage renal disease. Valacyclovir was discontinued and emergent hemodialysis was initiated resulting in marked improvement in sensorium after the second session and complete resolution of symptoms after the third. This case shows VAN as an important diagnostic mimic of acute encephalopathy in elderly patients with renal failure and emphasizes the critical role of early medication review in preventing unnecessary investigations and enabling prompt, reversible management.

 

Key Words: Valacyclovir-associated neurotoxicity, Hemodialysis, Elderly patient, Renal impairment, Herpes zoster

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